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| Mutual Funds |
Regulated by the Investment Company Act of 1940, mutual funds are open-ended investment companies that pool investors' money into a fund operated by a portfolio manager. This manager then turns around and invests this large pool of shareholder money in a portfolio of various assets, or combinations of assets. This may include investments in stocks, bonds, options, futures, currencies, treasuries and money market securities. Depending on the stated objective of the fund, each will vary in regard to content and risk.
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Funds issue and redeem shares on demand at the fund's NAV, or net asset value. Mutual fund management fees typically range between 0.5% and 2% of assets per year, but 12b-1 fees, exchange fees and other administrative charges also apply.
Advantages of investing in mutual
funds:
-- Professional management
-- Investment diversification
-- Liquidity
-- Explicit investment goals
-- Simple reinvestment programs
Disadvantages of investing in mutual
funds:
-- Many funds charge hefty fees, leading to lower overall returns.
-- Over time, statistics have shown that most actively managed funds tend to
underperform their benchmark averages.
-- Mutual funds cannot be bought or sold during regular trading hours, but
instead are priced just once per day.
Types of Mutual Funds:
Closed-End Mutual Funds:
Closed-end mutual funds issue a fixed number of shares to the investing public
and usually trade on the major exchanges just like corporate stocks. Closed-end
funds often invest in a particular sector, a specific industry, or a certain
country.
Open-End Mutual Funds:
Open-end mutual funds stand ready to issue and redeem shares on a continuous
basis. Shareholders buy the shares at net asset value (NAV) and can redeem them
at the current market price.
Load Funds:
The term "load" refers to the sales charge paid by an investor who
purchases shares in a mutual fund. When the sales charge is imposed at the time
of purchase, this is known as a front-end load. Conversely, back-end loads
represent charges that are assessed when the investor eventually sells the fund.
No Load Funds:
A No Load Fund is sold without a sales charge.
Classes of Mutual Fund Shares:
The most common variations of share classes for load mutual funds are front-load
A shares, back-end load B shares, and level-load C shares.
A mutual fund's A Shares charge a front-end load at the time of purchase. This
is a sales fee that is charged as a percentage of the total investment and is
used to compensate the financial representative who sells the fund. The amount
of the front-end load is subtracted from the original investment.
For example: If an investor places $10,000 in a mutual fund with a front-end load of 2%, then the total sales charge would be $200. The remaining $9,800 will go toward the purchase of shares in the fund.
A shares may also impose an asset-based sales charge. Investors do not pay these charges directly. Instead, they are taken from the fund's assets. The fund then uses these fees to market and distribute its shares. The 12b-1 fee, which can equal a maximum of 0.25% per year, is an example of an asset-based sales charge.
Class B Shares:
B Shares charge back-end loads. When an investor purchases the B shares of a
mutual fund, the sales charge is deferred until the fund is sold. This deferred
load usually decreases each year. B shares typically charge a higher asset-based
sales charge than Class A shares
For example: The B shares of a mutual fund may carry a 5% load if shares are sold within the first year. This back-end load of 5%, however, could be reduced by 1 % every year, until it is eliminated in the 5th year. Some B shares automatically convert to A shares after a specified period of time, which reduces the 12b-1 fees.
Class C Shares:
Class C shares typically do not impose a front-end load, but will often charge a
nominal fee if the shares are sold within one year. Class C shares often impose
a high asset-based sales charge, but will not convert to A shares when the load
reverts to zero.
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